Junin virus

The Junin virus is an arenavirus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF).

Morphology and genome structure

The Junin virus virion is a negative sense ssRNA enveloped with a variable diameter of between 50 and 300 nm. The surface of the particle encompasses a layer of T-shaped glycoprotein extensions, extending up to 10 nm from the envelope, which are important for mediating attachment and entry into host cells.

The Junin virus genome comprises two single stranded RNA molecules, each encoding two different genes in an ambisense orientation. The two segments are termed 'short (S)' and 'long (L)' due to their respective lengths. The short segment (around 3400 nucleotides in length) encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the glycoprotein precursor (GPC). The GPC is subsequently cleaved to form two viral glycoproteins, GP1 and GP2 which ultimately form the T-shaped glycoprotein spike which extends from the viral envelope. [1]. The long segment (around 7200 nucleotides in length) encodes the viral polymerase and a zinc binding protein. It is spread by rodents

Epidemiology and disease

A member of the genus Arenavirus, Junin virus characteristically causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). AHF leads to major alterations within the vascular, neurological and immune systems and has a mortality rate of between 20 and 30%. Symptoms of the disease are conjunctivitis, purpura, petechia and occasional sepsis. The symptoms of the disease are relatively indistinct and may therefore be mistaken for a different condition.

Since the discovery of the Junin virus in 1958, the geographical distribution of the pathogen, although still confined to Argentina, has risen. At the time of discovery, Junin virus was confined to an area of around 15,000 km². At the beginning of 2000, the distribution had risen to around 150,000 km². The natural hosts of Junin virus are rodents, particularly Mus musculus, Calomys spp. and Akodon azarae. Direct rodent to human transmission only transpires when contact is made with excrement of an infected rodent. This commonly occurs via ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of particles within urine or via direct contact of broken skin with rodent excrement.

Prevention and control

A investigational new drug (in US) vaccine (Candid1 ) was developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease (USAMRIID) at Ft. Detrick, MD in the last 1980s which has shown to be safe, well tolerated and effective in reducing mortality and morbidity due to AHF.

References

1. ^ "Junin virus". 
2. ^ Rebecca Wattam (2004). "Junin Virus". Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech. 
3. ^ Goñi, SE. "Genomic features of attenuated Junín virus vaccine strain candidate.". 
4. ^ McKee, Kelly (1993). "Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-Attenuated Junin (Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever) Vaccine in Rhesus Monkeys". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Enria D.A., Barrera Oro J.G. (2002). "Junin Virus Vaccines. In: Oldstone M.B.A. Arenaviruses II. The Molecular Pathogenesis of Arenavirus Infections". Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 
6. ^ Peters C.J., Buchmeir M, Rollin Pierre E, Ksiazek Thomas G (1996). Arenaviruses. Field's Virology Third Edition. 
7. ^ Maiztegui JI et a (1998). "Protective Efficacy of a Live Attenuated Vaccine against Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever". The Journal of Infectious Diseases.