List Of Plants Used In Herbalism - Herbal List

This is a list of plants used or formerly used as herbal medicine.

The ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals is called herbal medicine. Many of these phytochemicals have beneficial effects on long-term health when consumed by humans, and can be used to effectively treat human diseases. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.

These phytochemicals are divided into (1) primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites â€" compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, serving a more specific function. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. It is these secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which can be refined to produce drugsâ€"examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.

Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effects on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. This enables herbal medicines to be as effective as conventional medicines, but also gives them the same potential to cause harmful side effects.

In Europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients for their medicines. In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers. Ayurvedic medicine, herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine are other examples of medical practices that incorporate medical uses of plants. Pharmacognosy is the branch of modern medicine about medicines from plant sources. Plants included here are those that have been or are being used medicinally, in at least one such medicinal tradition.

Modern medicine now tends to use the active ingredients of plants rather than the whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples of such derivatives include digoxin, from digitalis; capsaicine, from chili; and aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. The opium poppy continues to be a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.

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Databases

• Elizabeth M. Manhã; Maria C. Silva; Maria G. C. Alves; Maurício B. Almeida; Maria G. L. Brandão (October 3, 2008). "PLANT - A bibliographic database about medicinal plants". Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
• James Duke. "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
• "Protabase: Useful Plants of Tropical Africa". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Archived from the original on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
• "Tropical Plant Database". Raintree. Retrieved 2011-10-18. 
• "Plant Database". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2011-10-18. 
• "Vitamins & Supplements Center". WebMD. Retrieved 2015-04-06. 

See also

Notes

• ^ Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause death.
• This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and their (in)compatibility with alcohol or other drugs.

References

Further reading

• Bown, Deni (1995). Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-0184-3. 
• Mitchell, William; Bastyr, John B. (2003). Plant medicine in practice: using the teachings of John Bastyr. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07238-8. 
• Harrod Buhner, Stephen (1996). Sacred plant medicine: explorations in the practice of indigenous herbalism. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN 1570980918. 
• Cech, Richard A.; Cech, Sena K.; Gunter, Anne (2000). Making Plant Medicine. Horizon Herbs. ISBN 978-0-9700312-0-4. 
• Hoffmann, David (2003). Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine (Google eBook). Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 0-89281-749-6. 
• Garrett, J. T. (2003). The Cherokee herbal: native plant medicine from the four directions. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 1-879181-96-7. 
• Cowan, Eliot (1996). Plant Spirit Medicine: The Healing Power of Plants. Granite Publishing. ISBN 1-893183-11-4. 
• Neuwinger, H.D. (2000). African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific. ISBN 3-88763-086-6. 
• Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
• Journal of Ethnopharmacology
• Barnes, Joanne; Anderson, Linda A.; Phillipson, J.D. (2007). Herbal Medicines (3rd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-623-0. 

External links

• The dictionary definition of herbalism at Wiktionary